hxSRoM3FI6iR4DIkdlU6Vqb2SdY The Gabble Mouth: July 2012

Monday, July 30, 2012

8 Things You Didn't Know About Your Vagina



Sure, your vagina has been with you your entire life, but how much do you actually know about it? Whether you've been too shy to ask or don't know where to look for information, chances are there are plenty of things that you've wondered about the area "down there." From what to expect after childbirth to normal sexual functions, read on to find out surprising facts you may not know about your lady parts.
1. It cleans itself.
Step away from the soap and harsh cleansers, gals. Your vagina keeps itself clean. "It's lined by a variety of glands that produce the fluids needed to both lubricate and cleanse the vaginal area," says Lisa Stern, APRN, a nurse practitioner who works with Planned Parenthood in Los Angeles. "The vast majority of vaginal infections I see in my office are self-induced-generally by women who think they're doing a good thing by washing their vagina with soap and water, or worse, with douche." Bath products, particularly those with chemical dyes or fragrances, can irritate the vagina and wash away the beneficial lubricants and flora (bacteria and yeast) that are normal and natural, she says. When these beneficial compounds get washed away, anaerobic bacteria and yeast proliferate and can cause symptoms like discharge, odor and itching. Lesson learned: While a little mild soap on the labia area is OK, your body does a fine job of keeping the insides clean.
2. It grows in size when aroused.
"The average length of a vagina is 3 to 4 inches long," says Lissa Rankin, MD, gynecologist and author of What's Up Down There? Questions You'd Only Ask Your Gynecologist If She Was Your Best Friend. Sounds sort of small, and possibly unaccommodating to your well-endowed husband or partner, right? Fear not, nature makes room. "It can double in length when aroused," Dr. Rankin explains. But she adds that many women still have pain during sex when their partner is on the larger side. She recommends using plenty of lubricant and going slow. "Encourage your partner to have fun with foreplay," she says. "The more aroused you feel, the less intercourse will hurt."
3. Just like your face, your vagina also wrinkles with age.
It's a fact of life: The appearance of your lady parts may change with age. "The labia may become less plump as estrogen levels wane, fatty pads in the labia shrink and less collagen can lead to more sagging," says Dr. Rankin. "The skin of the vulva may darken or lighten and the clitoris may shrink. It's normal either way." Scary? Nah. "These changes, which are often related to decreasing levels of estrogen, do not affect how much pleasure your girl parts can bring you."
4. You can't lose something in your vagina (like a tampon).
Everyone's heard the myth that things can get "lost" in there. "The vagina is bounded at the inner end by the cervix and by the vagina's own tissue," says Stern. In other words, your vagina is not connected to another area of your body so don't worry about anything going missing! However, "Sometimes a tampon can get lodged deep inside the vagina, like if it's accidentally left in place during intercourse. If this happens, your healthcare provider should be able to remove it easily with a speculum and forceps," she says.
5. Some women ejaculate with orgasm.
"It definitely happens, and it's not uncommon," says Dr. Rankin. "It seems to be a learned skill and happens more commonly as women get older and learn how their bodies work." So how does it happen? "There are glands around the urethra-the tube between the bladder and the outside world-that probably secrete fluid, particularly when the anterior wall of the vagina (a.k.a. the G Spot) is stimulated." Beverly Whipple, PhD, RN, a sexuality researcher and professor at Rutgers College of Nursing, describes this area as " 'the female prostate,' a collection of glands, blood vessels, nerves and spongy tissue that, when stimulated, seem to create fluid in some women."
6. Your vagina may change dramatically after childbirth.
"Post-childbirth the vagina doesn't so much look different as it feels different," says Dr. Rankin. "As a gynecologist, I can almost always tell if a woman has delivered vaginally or not. I need a larger speculum for a woman who has had two kids than for a childless woman. But from the outside, you can't tell unless a woman has torn during childbirth, in which case she may have a faint scar at the site of her tear or episiotomy." If you're uncomfortable with the way your vagina has stretched and changed after childbirth, Rankin has a one-word recommendation: Kegels! "These exercises can really help," she says. A refresher course: You can do them anywhere, anytime. Just squeeze the muscles you use to start and stop the flow of urine, holding for a few seconds at a time, and repeating in sets of 10-or more, if you're up to the task!
7. The vagina is like a bicep, use it or lose it.
"It's true that the vagina stays healthier when you're using it with some regularity," says Dr. Rankin. "Not only does sex keep the sensitive vaginal tissue healthy, but it's almost as if your yoni has a memory. If you keep reminding your vagina that it has a purpose beyond reproduction, it's likely to rise to the occasion." Case in point: If you neglect your vagina for too long (no sex, no Kegel exercises, etc.), the vaginal walls can become fragile, she says. And when menopause strikes, it may scar and close off a bit. But sex isn't the only answer: Your doctor can suggest specific exercises and instruments that can help the vagina stay in tip-top shape.
8. Vaginal discharge varies from woman to woman.
Dr. Rankin notes that the average amount of vaginal discharge a woman of reproductive age secretes over a period of eight hours weighs 1.55 grams (a gram is equivalent to about 1/4 teaspoon). But, some women produce much less and others produce much more-and the variations are completely normal! "You produce the greatest amount of discharge (1.96 grams) around the time of ovulation," she says. "Of course, every woman is different. Some women have ectropion, when the mucous-producing glands that are usually on the inside of the cervix evert onto the outside of the cervix. If your cervix has this normal feature, you may produce more cervical mucous, which increases the amount of vaginal discharge you have. Some women produce very scant amounts of discharge and others make much more. In the absence of infection, it's normal either way." And the color? It varies, too-and just because there's a pigment to it, doesn't mean you have an infection. "Normal vaginal discharge is whitish, but may appear yellowish when it dries," she says. "But if your vaginal discharge appears greenish when wet, you have itching or burning, your discharge smells extra-fishy or you think you're at risk for STDs, get it checked just to be on the safe side."

Sunday, July 29, 2012

ABSCBN: We stand by our man De Castro against Aquino’s tirade --- news chief

ABS-CBN News and Public Affairs is standing by its main anchor, former Vice President Noli de Castro.

“Our journalists and anchors, including Noli de Castro, report the news as they see it. They enjoy editorial independence in their coverage, and in the way they tell stories. The credibility of our news organization rests on this, as well as other basic journalistic principles,” said Ging Reyes, ABS-CBN News chief.



“In instances in which our fairness or balance is questioned, we have internal mechanisms that address such complaints from viewers,” said Reyes, who did not say whether it would act on the President’s complaints without waiting for him to file a complaint.

Reyes said any complaints against their news reports or personnel were usually turned over to their in-house ombudsman for investigation.

President Aquino, invited as the guest of honor at the 25th anniversary celebration of ABS-CBN’s TV Patrol at Manila Hotel on Friday, used the occasion to attack De Castro.

He said negativism in media was holding back the country’s progress.

In remarks that caused an uneasy silence among the party crowd, Aquino singled out the TV Patrol anchor and former Vice President for undue negativism and voicing “baseless speculations.”

He minced no words in saying that many of the problems he faced he had inherited from the previous administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and De Castro as Vice President.

Aquino came prepared with examples of De Castro’s alleged bias. He recalled a news report about the rescue of a child by the National Bureau of Investigation wherein De Castro quipped that the rescue may have been a set-up.

De Castro has not commented.

In a previous statement, Reyes brushed off the President’s criticism: “There are no bad feelings, there is no room for being too sensitive. We believe that many will criticize us because not everyone is happy about what we report and come out with in TV Patrol.”

“It’s a good and bad thing actually. It’s bad that the President himself made the criticism but it’s also good for us because it shows that we are not biased towards this administration as most of our critics claimed in our coverage of the Arroyo arrest and Corona impeachment,” said Reyes in a phone interview.

In a briefing, deputy presidential spokesperson Abigail Valte said, “We are only asking you to give equal attention to good news because we also have good news that we should report.”

Earlier, Presidential Communications Operations Office head Ricky Carandang, a former employee of ABS-CBN News, clarified that the President’s verbal jabs were directed at De Castro and not the network. Copyright and Content Courtesy of Inquirer



Photo: [Abs-Cbn] ABSCBN: We stand by our man De Castro against Aquino’s tirade --- news chief

ABS-CBN News and Public Affairs is standing by its main anchor, former Vice President Noli de Castro.

“Our journalists and anchors, including Noli de Castro, report the news as they see it. They enjoy editorial independence in their coverage, and in the way they tell stories. The credibility of our news organization rests on this, as well as other basic journalistic principles,” said Ging Reyes, ABS-CBN News chief.



“In instances in which our fairness or balance is questioned, we have internal mechanisms that address such complaints from viewers,” said Reyes, who did not say whether it would act on the President’s complaints without waiting for him to file a complaint.

Reyes said any complaints against their news reports or personnel were usually turned over to their in-house ombudsman for investigation.

President Aquino, invited as the guest of honor at the 25th anniversary celebration of ABS-CBN’s TV Patrol at Manila Hotel on Friday, used the occasion to attack De Castro.

He said negativism in media was holding back the country’s progress.

In remarks that caused an uneasy silence among the party crowd, Aquino singled out the TV Patrol anchor and former Vice President for undue negativism and voicing “baseless speculations.”

He minced no words in saying that many of the problems he faced he had inherited from the previous administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and De Castro as Vice President.

Aquino came prepared with examples of De Castro’s alleged bias. He recalled a news report about the rescue of a child by the National Bureau of Investigation wherein De Castro quipped that the rescue may have been a set-up.

De Castro has not commented.

In a previous statement, Reyes brushed off the President’s criticism: “There are no bad feelings, there is no room for being too sensitive. We believe that many will criticize us because not everyone is happy about what we report and come out with in TV Patrol.”

“It’s a good and bad thing actually. It’s bad that the President himself made the criticism but it’s also good for us because it shows that we are not biased towards this administration as most of our critics claimed in our coverage of the Arroyo arrest and Corona impeachment,” said Reyes in a phone interview.

In a briefing, deputy presidential spokesperson Abigail Valte said, “We are only asking you to give equal attention to good news because we also have good news that we should report.”

Earlier, Presidential Communications Operations Office head Ricky Carandang, a former employee of ABS-CBN News, clarified that the President’s verbal jabs were directed at De Castro and not the network. Copyright and Content Courtesy of Inquirer


Admin Nesty


- Source Philippine TV Ratings

Friday, July 27, 2012

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Mandaue foam building creations, building family together. Watch Mandaue Foam’s newest TV commercial and visit their website http://mandauefoam.ph/  and be amazed with their product that you and your family will surely enjoy. 







Lots of sex at Olympic Village


USA goalkeeper Hope Solo (Getty Images)
USA goalkeeper Hope Solo (Getty Images)
Perhaps it's just to release stress or just the thousands of taut and toned physiques on show but expect plenty of free love at the Olympic Village at the upcoming London Games.

At least that's if history repeats itself.
US Olympic gold medalist Hope Solo, who recently gave an insight on what went on the behind-the-scenes during her two-week stay at the Olympic Village back in 2008 in Beijing, said there's "lots of sex going on".
The 30-year-old goalkeeper, who will be heading to the London Games with the US women's national football team, told ESPN in an interview, "With a once-in-a-lifetime experience, you want to build memories, whether it's sexual, partying or on the field. I've seen people having sex right out in the open. On the grass, between buildings, people are getting down and dirty."
Apparently, she's not the only one who's seen the "down and dirty" side of the Olympics.
US swimmer Ryan Lochte believes "70 per cent to 75 per cent of Olympians" hook up behind the scenes, adding "Hey, sometimes you gotta do what you gotta do."
There was so much action at the Games that even celebs joined in the fun with the athletes.
Solo said, "I probably shouldn't tell you this, but we met a bunch of celebrities. Vince Vaughn partied with us. Steve Byrne, the comedian. And at some point we decided to take the party back to the village.
"We started talking to the security guards, showed off our gold medals, got their attention and snuck our group through without credentials -- which is absolutely unheard of."
"I may have snuck a celebrity back to my room without anybody knowing, and snuck him back out," Solo added. "But that's my Olympic secret."
Singapore will be sending 23 athletes to the London Games.
Thousands of competitors are now descending upon the Athletes Village and training camps ahead of the Games which start on 27 July.
About 17,000 athletes and officials are expected to live at the village, which is located inside the Olympic Park and close to main stadium and swimming venue.
Let the fun begin.


London Olympics opening ceremony: All eyes on spectacular Games opening

All eyes are on the London Olympics opening ceremony on Friday.LONDON: All eyes turn to London on Friday for theopening ceremony of the 2012 Olympics, an exuberant journey from Britain's idyllic pastures through the grime of the Industrial Revolution and ending in a contemporary world dominated by popular culture. 

The three-hour showcase created by Oscar-winning "Slumdog Millionaire" director Danny Boyle will be watched by a crowd of 60,000 in the main stadium built in a run-down area of London's East End and a global audience of more than a billion. 

Spectators will be urged to join in sing-a-longs and help create spectacular visual scenes at an event that sets the tone for the sporting extravaganza, when 16,000 athletes from 204 countries share the thrill of victory and despair of defeat with 11 million visitors. 

The Games will also answer the question on Britons' lips -- were seven years of planning, construction and disruptions, and a price tag of $14 billion during one of the country's worst recessions, actually worth it? 

"This is a very, very tense moment but so far I'm cautiously optimistic," said Boris Johnson, mayor of London, the only city to host the Summer Games three times. 

"I'm just worried that I haven't got enough to worry about at the moment," added the mayor, known for his witty asides. 

There have, however, been bumps along the way. Media coverage in the last few weeks has been dominated by security firm G4S's admission that it could not provide enough guards for Olympic venues, meaning thousands of extra soldiers had to be deployed at the last minute, despite its multi-million-dollar contract from the government. 

Counter-terrorism chiefs have played down fears of a major attack on the Games, and British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron said that a safe and secure Olympics was his priority. 

"This is the biggest security operation in our peacetime history, bar none, and we are leaving nothing to chance." 

Suicide attacks on London in July, 2005, killed 52 people, and this year also coincides with the 40th anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre when 11 Israeli Olympic team members were killed by Palestinian militants. 

Calls for an official commemoration of the tragedy at the opening ceremony have so far been refused. 

Heavy traffic in central London and severe delays on Britain's creaking train system have added to the grumbling. 

A diplomatic faux pas on Wednesday, when the flag of South Korea appeared at a women's soccer match between North Korea and Colombia, prompted North Korea's players to walk off the pitch and delayed kick-off by more than an hour. 

"Of course the people are angry," North Korea's Olympic representative Ung Chang told Reuters. "If your athlete got a gold medal and put the flag probably of some other country, what happens?" 

A series of doping scandals have also tarnished the Games' image in the buildup, with at least 11 athletes banned so far, and Greek triple jumper Paraskevi Papachristou became the Olympics' first "twitter victim" when she was withdrawn from the team over tweeted comments deemed racist.


SATANIC MILLS 

All of that is likely to be forgotten as attention around the globe turns to the opening ceremony, which begins at 2000 GMT and ends more than three hours later. 

While Boyle has urged the 10,000 participating volunteers and large crowds at rehearsals this week to keep the show a secret, some elements are already in the public domain. 

Inspired by William Shakespeare's "The Tempest", it opens with a recreation of bucolic bliss, complete with fields, fences, hedges, sheep, geese, a shire horse, shepherdesses and even a game of village cricket. 

The mood then darkens as "England's green and pleasant land", from a poem by William Blake, makes way for the sooty chimneys and smoking steel works of the "dark Satanic Mills", evoking the 19th century urban settings of Dickens. 

Stirring music from Britain's past and present provides the soundtrack, which comes to the fore in the final phase, a psychedelic celebration of pop culture including songs, sitcoms and cinema classics. 

Boyle's ode to the National Health Service, a politically charged topic in Britain where people are emotionally tied to the ideal of a welfare state, may make less sense to people watching from afar. 

But a closing performance by ex-Beatle Paul McCartney should have global appeal for a ceremony likely to contrast sharply with Beijing's tightly choreographed, large-scale version. 

Boyle had 27 million pounds ($42 million) to spend on his spectacular, well under half the amount estimated to have been spent in China in 2008. 

There are still plenty of secrets, including who will have the honour of lighting the Olympic cauldron, although soccer player David Beckham and popular royal Prince William have been reported as possible torch bearers. 

William's grandmother Queen Elizabeth will be in the crowd, along with U.S. First Lady Michelle Obama and a host of dignitaries and celebrities. 

BOLT OR BLAKE? 

The first main day of sport is Saturday, when Briton Mark Cavendish is favourite to win gold in the road race in what would be the perfect start for the home nation. 

Britain's hopes are high overall after a successful Games in Beijing, although the United States, China and Russia could dominate the medals table yet again. 

Among the most mouthwatering contests is the men's 100 metres final, traditionally the blue riband event of the Games, with Jamaican Usain Bolt's domination of the discipline under threat from training partner and compatriot Yohan Blake. 

Bolt, fastest man on earth, is vying to do what no man has done before -- successfully defend the 100m and 200m Olympic titles, and, despite fitness concerns, he is talking tough. 

"This is my time," he declared in a newspaper interview this week. "This will be the moment, and this will be the year, when I set myself apart from other athletes around the world." 

If Bolt and Blake make the final, the Aug. 5 race will rival the Carl Lewis-Ben Johnson clash at the 1988 Seoul Olympics for drama and excitement. 

U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps will also be looking to cement his place as the world's greatest swimmer by adding to the eight gold medals he won in Beijing.

Kristen Stewart cheated on Pattinson?


Kristen Stewart was seen “pleading” with Robert Pattinson at the Teen Choice Awards.
This week, the 22-year-old actress admitted that she had a brief affair with her Snow White and the Huntsman director Rupert Sanders. Robert is said to be “devastated” by his girlfriend’s betrayal and sources claim they were arguing backstage at the awards ceremony last weekend.
“Rob and Kristen were having a long and intense conversation backstage, and he looked miserable, heartbroken and humiliated. She was pleading,” the insider told New York Post.
On July 17 photos were taken of Kristen and Rupert in a “marathon make-out session” in Los Angeles. It has been claimed that Kristen begged the photographer not to publish the pictures. After her pleas were unsuccessful, she told Robert she had been unfaithful last week.
“Rob is deeply in love with Kristen and is very jealous when other men hit on her. This will crush him,” a source revealed to the publication.
Kristen has issued a statement saying she is “so sorry” for hurting the British actor and jeopardising their relationship.
Director Rupert has also apologised to his wife Liberty Ross and their children for his infidelity.


Tuesday, July 24, 2012

8 Things You Didn't Know About Your Penis

Sensitivity, pleasure, size, and other surprising facts.
Here are some things you might have wondered about your penis, but were afraid to ask.





No. 1: Use It or Lose It

You need to have erections regularly to keep your penis in shape. "It has to be essentially exercised," says Tobias Kohler, MD, MPH, assistant professor of urology at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, in Springfield, Ill.
To maintain a healthy tone, the smooth muscle of the penis must be periodically enriched with oxygen by the rush of blood that engorges the penis and makes it erect, Kohler tells WebMD.
If a guy is physically able to get erect, but never has erections during the day -- maybe he finds himself in very un-erotic circumstances for a long time -- he needn't worry. The brain has an automatic penis maintenance function built in.
Impulses from the brain cause erections during the dreaming phase of sleep, called the REM phase. It doesn't matter if you're having a hot sex dream or a zombie apocalypse nightmare -- your penis gets hard during that period of the sleep cycle.
But some men are physically unable to get erections, such as those who've suffered trauma to the nerves involved, or who have nerve or blood vessel damage caused by diabetes.
"If they don't do anything to maintain normal erections, they will get shortening of the penis," Kohler says. Without regular erections, penile tissue can become less elastic and shrink, making the penis 1-2 centimeters shorter.
A device like a vacuum pump, which forces the penis to swell with blood, can help men with physical erection problems maintain a healthy penis, Kohler says.

No. 2: Your Penis May Be a 'Grower' or a 'Show-er'

Among men, there is no consistent relationship between the size of the flaccid penis and its full erect length.
In one study of 80 men, researchers found that increases from flaccid to erect lengths ranged widely, from less than a quarter-inch to 3.5 inches longer.
Whatever the clinical significance of these data may be, the locker-room significance is considerable. You can't assume that a dude with a big, limp penis gets much bigger with an erection. And the guy whose penis looks tiny might get a surprisingly big erection.
An analysis of more than a thousand measurements taken by sex researcher Alfred Kinsey shows that shorter flaccid penises tend to gain about twice as much length as longer flaccid penises.
A penis that doesn't gain much length with an erection has become known as a "show-er," and a penis that gains a lot is said to be a "grower." These are not medical terms, and there aren't scientifically established thresholds for what's a show-er or a grower.
Kinsey's data suggest that most penises aren't extreme show-ers or growers. About 12% of penises gained one-third or less of their total length with an erection, and about 7% doubled in length when erect.

No. 3: The Pleasure Zone

Many men consider the underside of the glans (head) of the penis and the underside of the shaft to be most sensitive to sexual pleasure.
Researchers asked 81 healthy men to rate the erotic sensitivity of different areas of their bodies, including not only the penis, but also zones such as the scrotum,anus, nipples, and neck.
The underside of the glans and underside of the shaft had the highest sensitivity rating for a significant majority of men, followed by the upper side of the glans, left and right sides of the glans, sides of the penis, upper side of the shaft, and foreskin (for the minority of men who were uncircumcised). The study findings were reported in the British Journal of Urology International in 2009.

No. 4: Sensitivity Declines With Age

Studies show that the penis steadily loses sensitivity as men age, though it's hard to say by how much, exactly. That's because different researchers have used different ways to stimulate the penis and measure sensitivity.
In general, the sensitivity of the penis is gauged by the least amount of stimulation a man is able to feel. That is called the "sensory threshold."
Despite differences between studies, the data show a clear trend when taken altogether. From age 25 on, sensitivity starts to decline. The sharpest decline in sensitivity is seen between age 65 and 75.
What's less clear is whether men really notice a loss of sensitivity as they age.
Kohler tells WebMD that if they are aware of it, his patients seldom mention it.
"It is a super-rare complaint," he says. "On the other hand, difficulty with erections and difficulty achieving ejaculation are much more common."

No. 5: Vibrators Work on the Penis, Too

Vibrators aren't only for women. They work on the penis, too. In fact, vibration is so effective on the penis that often men with spinal cord injuries can ejaculate with the aid of a special medical vibrator. For this kind of treatment, the vibrator is usually held against the underside of the head of the penis.
"Medical-grade vibrators aren't necessarily more powerful," Kohler says. The vibrators are tuned to stimulate parts of the nervous system involved in ejaculation. "They work at frequencies or amplitudes that are more specific to the [nerve] pathways."
Most men wouldn't need a medical vibrator to trigger an orgasm. Kohler says when patients see him about delayed ejaculation -- difficulty reaching orgasm -- he suggests they try a store-bought vibrating personal massager.
Although vibrators often help men with ejaculation problems, you don't have to have any kind of medical condition to use one. You could do it just for fun.

No. 6: There's More to the Penis Than Meets the Eye

"Most guys would be proud to know that their penis is twice as long as they think it is," Kohler says.
That's because half the length of the penis is inside your body. Just like you don't see all of a big oak tree above ground, you don't see the root of your penis tucked up inside your pelvis and attached to your pubic bone.
As seen in an MRI picture, an erect penis is shaped like a boomerang.

No. 7: Your Penis Is a Habitat

The skin of your penis is home to a diverse community of bacteria.
Lance Price, PhD, and Cindy Liu, PhD, researchers at the Translational Genomics Research Institute, in Flagstaff, Ariz., used genetic tests to identify the bacteria found on men's penises. Their study showed there were a total of 42 unique kinds of bacteria inhabiting the skin of the penis.
"We see that the human body is essentially an ecosystem," Price tells WebMD.
But uncircumcised and circumcised penises don't have the same variety and abundance of bacteria, the study showed. The researchers first analyzed samples from the penises of 12 men who were planning to get circumcised. Samples were taken and analyzed again after the men were circumcised.
After circumcision, there were fewer kinds of bacteria on the men's penises. Many of the kinds of bacteria found to be less common or absent after circumcision were anaerobic -- meaning that they don't need oxygen to grow.
The inner fold of the foreskin is a mucous membrane, like the inside of a person's eyelids. Price tells WebMD that certain anaerobic bacteria thrive in that environment, but not on dry skin.
"I liken it to clear-cutting a forest," Price says. "You're going to get a lot more sunlight and you're going to drastically change the environment."
The study was done in Uganda, and all of the men studied were Ugandan.
Liu tells WebMD that she would expect to see some variation in the kinds of bacteria found on men in other parts of the world. "I think there is certainly variety even among the Ugandan men themselves," she says.
But the researchers are less interested in surveying the penile bacteria of the world than in understanding changes brought about by circumcision.
Their research could help explain why circumcision has been linked to a lower risk of getting HIV. One theory is the anaerobic bacteria may prompt the immune system to respond in a way that makes cells more vulnerable to HIV infection.  

No. 8: Most Men Aren't Circumcised

Worldwide, approximately 30% of males aged 15 and older are circumcised, according to a 2007 report from the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS.
Rates vary greatly depending upon religion and nationality, the report states. Almost all Jewish and Muslim males in the world have circumcised penises, and together they account for almost 70% of all circumcised males globally.
Some research shows that there may be health benefits from circumcision. For instance, circumcised men may be less likely to pass sexually transmitted diseases to their female partners or to develop penile cancer
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) stated in 1999 that medical data was “not sufficient to recommend routine male circumcision,” but that “it is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in addition to medical factors” when deciding whether or not to circumcise newborn boys. The AAP reaffirmed that statement in 2005. 
The percentage of newborns circumcised in U.S. hospitals climbed from about 55% in 1993 to about 63% in 1999. The percentage tumbled after the AAP outlined its policy on circumcision, to 54.5% in 2009.
The AAP policy on circumcision is still being debated. In recent years, several studies have shown that circumcised men are less likely to be infected with HIV. The WHO and UNAIDS now recommend male circumcision as an HIV preventionmeasure. "There is compelling evidence that male circumcision reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men by approximately 60%," the WHO states.

-Source WebMd


Canon outs its first mirrorless camera, the EOS M

The Canon EOS M mirrorless camera
The Canon EOS M mirrorless camera

Canon’s much-rumored mirrorless, interchangeable lens camera competitor, the EOS M, is finally a reality.
The EOS M is Canon’s response to the growing market of compact, yet full-featured mirrorless cameras which includes Nikon’s J1 and V1, Sony’s NEX range, Samsung’s NX series, and Olympus and Panasonic’s Micro Four Thirds system cameras.

"The EOS M includes a unique feature set making it an ideal movie-making tool, while also offering incredible still image quality on its APS-C-sized CMOS sensor. The camera's size, image quality, advanced video capabilities and the versatility of Canon's full lineup of lenses make the EOS M another great option to help our customers record and capture their creative vision," said Yuichi Ishizuka, executive vice president and general manager, Imaging Technologies & Communications Group, Canon U.S.A.

It features an 18.0 MP APS-C CMOS (APS-C) Sensor, Full HD movie capture with Focus Tracking, manual exposure control, a 3.0” touchscreen LCD, touch autofocus and multi-touch operation, plus is compatible with existing Canon EF and EF-S lenses.

“It's a DSLR hiding inside a point-and-shoot body, just what we wanted,” said The Verge in a post on Google+.

The EOS M Digital Camera will hit stores in October priced from $799.99 with the new EF-M 22mm f/2 STM kit lens. Additional accessories for the camera, including the EF-M 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 IS STM lens, Mount Adapter EF-EOS M and Speedlite 90EX will all be available in October for $299.99, $199.99 and $149.99 respectively.

Sunday, July 22, 2012

‘Man of Steel’ teaser trailer gives first glimpse of new Superman


If you have two fathers -- one biological and one adopted -- and if they both happen to be Oscar winners, they should both get a chance to offer you advice. Even if you are Superman.
The first teaser for "Man of Steel," next summer's new big-screen version of the DC Comics hero, is in theaters with "The Dark Knight Rises." Though in a unique turn, there are two versions of the trailer, depending on which theater you're in.  Both trailers have the same images, but with different voice-overs.  One features Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent, the Earthling who took in the boy who fell from the sky and named him Clark. The other is spoken by Russell Crowe, who plays Superman's Kryptonian father, Jor-El. Both actors, by some twist of fate, have played Robin Hood.
The footage in the teaser trailer is not really what one would expect from an action-packed superhero blockbuster.  It starts with images of waves splashing against rocks, laundry drying in the breeze, and a seagull gliding.  Then we see a bearded Clark Kent (played in this new film by British actor Henry Cavill) seemingly a long way from Smallville, Kansas as he works on a fishing boat.
man of steelPhoto by Warner Bros.A photo of Clark with his father (Costner) leads to memories of young Clark playing with a red cape tied around his neck.  We see adult Clark hitchhiking, which raises the question, "Does he not yet know he has a faster way of getting around?"  Then, young Clark stands with his fists at his sides and his cape flapping, reminiscent of the heroic pose we're used to seeing. It's not until after the title that we finally see Superman in full costume. He comes soaring up, cutting through clouds, and then speeds off into the stratosphere leaving jet trails behind him.
Both of Superman's father figures give him their thoughts on growing up as a super-powered alien amongst humans.
Jonathan Kent (Coster): You're not just anyone. One day, you're going to have to make a choice. You have to decide what kind of man you want to grow up to be. Whoever that man is, good character or bad, is going to change the world.
Jor-El (Crowe): You will give the people an ideal to strive towards.  They will race behind you, they will stumble, they will fall. But in time, they will join you in the sun. In time, you will help them accomplish wonders.
It looks like a very different take on Superman, and that's by design. Last week at Comic-Con, director Zack Snyder ("300," "Watchmen") said, "I kind of felt like Superman needed to be reintroduced to a new generation."  He said that unlike 2006's "Superman Returns," this version will not reference or borrow from any previous movie incarnations.  Snyder said, "This is the first Superman movie in our heads. We couldn't steal from any of the other films."
That this film is a darker and more realistic take on this DC Comics superhero shouldn't come as too much of a surprise though, seeing as how it is produced by Christopher Nolan, director of "The Dark Knight" trilogy.  Nolan co-wrote the story with his "Batman Begins" collaborator David S. Goyer.
"Man of Steel" will soar into theaters on June 14, 2013.



What are Stem Cells?

Scientist examining cells
Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources:
  1. Embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and
  2. Adult tissue (adult stem cells).
Both types are generally characterized by their potency, or potential to differentiate into different cell types (such as skin, muscle, bone, etc.).

Adult stem cells

Adult or somatic stem cells exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of different types of tissue. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver. They remain in a quiescent or non-dividing state for years until activated by disease or tissue injury.
Adult stem cells can divide or self-renew indefinitely, enabling them to generate a range of cell types from the originating organ or even regenerate the entire original organ. It is generally thought that adult stem cells are limited in their ability to differentiate based on their tissue of origin, but there is some evidence to suggest that they can differentiate to become other cell types.

Embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five-day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development. The embryos are usually extras that have been created in IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinics where several eggs are fertilized in a test tube, but only one is implanted into a woman.
Sexual reproduction begins when a male's sperm fertilizes a female's ovum (egg) to form a single cell called a zygote. The single zygote cell then begins a series of divisions, forming 2, 4, 8, 16 cells, etc. After four to six days - before implantation in the uterus - this mass of cells is called a blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of an inner cell mass (embryoblast) and an outer cell mass (trophoblast). The outer cell mass becomes part of the placenta, and the inner cell mass is the group of cells that will differentiate to become all the structures of an adult organism. This latter mass is the source of embryonic stem cells - totipotent cells (cells with total potential to develop into any cell in the body).

9-week Human Embryo from Ectopic PregnancyIn a normal pregnancy, the blastocyst stage continues until implantation of the embryo in the uterus, at which point the embryo is referred to as a fetus. This usually occurs by the end of the 10th week of gestation after all major organs of the body have been created.
However, when extracting embryonic stem cells, the blastocyst stage signals when to isolate stem cells by placing the "inner cell mass" of the blastocyst into a culture dish containing a nutrient-rich broth. Lacking the necessary stimulation to differentiate, they begin to divide and replicate while maintaining their ability to become any cell type in the human body. Eventually, these undifferentiated cells can be stimulated to create specialized cells.

Stem cell cultures

Human embryonic stem cell colony
Human embryonic stem cell colony
[Wikipedia]
Stem cells are either extracted from adult tissue or from a dividing zygote in a culture dish. Once extracted, scientists place the cells in a controlled culture that prohibits them from further specializing or differentiating but usually allows them to divide and replicate. The process of growing large numbers of embryonic stem cells has been easier than growing large numbers of adult stem cells, but progress is being made for both cell types.


Stem cell lines

Once stem cells have been allowed to divide and propagate in a controlled culture, the collection of healthy, dividing, and undifferentiated cells is called a stem cell line. These stem cell lines are subsequently managed and shared among researchers. Once under control, the stem cells can be stimulated to specialize as directed by a researcher - a process known as directed differentiation. Embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells.

Potency

Stem cells are categorized by their potential to differentiate into other types of cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most potent since they must become every type of cell in the body. The full classification includes:
  • Totipotent - the ability to differentiate into all possible cell types. Examples are the zygote formed at egg fertilization and the first few cells that result from the division of the zygote.
  • Pluripotent - the ability to differentiate into almost all cell types. Examples include embryonic stem cells and cells that are derived from the mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm germ layers that are formed in the beginning stages of embryonic stem cell differentiation.
  • Multipotent - the ability to differentiate into a closely related family of cells. Examples include hematopoietic (adult) stem cells that can become red and white blood cells or platelets.
  • Oligopotent - the ability to differentiate into a few cells. Examples include (adult) lymphoid or myeloid stem cells.
  • Unipotent - the ability to only produce cells of their own type, but have the property of self-renewal required to be labeled a stem cell. Examples include (adult) muscle stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent instead of totipotent because they do not have the ability to become part of the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta.


What are stem cells - Video

A video on how stem cells work and develop.



Identification of stem cells

Although there is not complete agreement among scientists of how to identify stem cells, most tests are based on making sure that stem cells are undifferentiated and capable of self-renewal. Tests are often conducted in the laboratory to check for these properties.
One way to identify stem cells in a lab, and the standard procedure for testing bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), is by transplanting one cell to save an individual without HSCs. If the stem cell produces new blood and immune cells, it demonstrates its potency.
Clonogenic assays (a laboratory procedure) can also be employed in vitro to test whether single cells can differentiate and self-renew. Researchers may also inspect cells under a microscope to see if they are healthy and undifferentiated or they may examine chromosomes.
To test whether human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, scientists allow the cells to differentiate spontaneously in cell culture, manipulate the cells so they will differentiate to form specific cell types, or inject the cells into an immunosuppressed mouse to test for the formation of a teratoma (a benign tumor containing a mixture of differentiated cells).

Research with stem cells

Scientists and researchers are interested in stem cells for several reasons. Although stem cells do not serve any one function, many have the capacity to serve any function after they are instructed to specialize. Every cell in the body, for example, is derived from first few stem cells formed in the early stages of embryological development. Therefore, stem cells extracted from embryos can be induced to become any desired cell type. This property makes stem cells powerful enough to regenerate damaged tissue under the right conditions.

Organ and tissue regeneration

Tissue regeneration is probably the most important possible application of stem cell research. Currently, organs must be donated and transplanted, but the demand for organs far exceeds supply. Stem cells could potentially be used to grow a particular type of tissue or organ if directed to differentiate in a certain way. Stem cells that lie just beneath the skin, for example, have been used to engineer new skin tissue that can be grafted on to burn victims.

Brain disease treatment

Additionally, replacement cells and tissues may be used to treat brain disease such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's by replenishing damaged tissue, bringing back the specialized brain cells that keep unneeded muscles from moving. Embryonic stem cells have recently been directed to differentiate into these types of cells, and so treatments are promising.

Cell deficiency therapy

Healthy heart cells developed in a laboratory may one day be transplanted into patients with heart disease, repopulating the heart with healthy tissue. Similarly, people with type I diabetes may receive pancreatic cells to replace the insulin-producing cells that have been lost or destroyed by the patient's own immune system. The only current therapy is a pancreatic transplant, and it is unlikely to occur due to a small supply of pancreases available for transplant.

Blood disease treatments

Adult hematopoietic stem cells found in blood and bone marrow have been used for years to treat diseases such as leukemia, sickle cell anemia, and other immunodeficiencies. These cells are capable of producing all blood cell types, such as red blood cells that carry oxygen to white blood cells that fight disease. Difficulties arise in the extraction of these cells through the use of invasive bone marrow transplants. However hematopoietic stem cells have also been found in the umbilical cord and placenta. This has led some scientists to call for an umbilical cord blood bank to make these powerful cells more easily obtainable and to decrease the chances of a body's rejecting therapy.

General scientific discovery

Scientist photograph
Stem cell research is also useful for learning about human development. Undifferentiated stem cells eventually differentiate partly because a particular gene is turned on or off. Stem cell researchers may help to clarify the role that genes play in determining what genetic traits or mutations we receive. Cancer and other birth defects are also affected by abnormal cell division and differentiation. New therapies for diseases may be developed if we better understand how these agents attack the human body.
Another reason why stem cell research is being pursued is to develop new drugs. Scientists could measure a drug's effect on healthy, normal tissue by testing the drug on tissue grown from stem cells rather than testing the drug on human volunteers.

Stem cell controversy

The debates surrounding stem cell research primarily are driven by methods concerning embryonic stem cell research. It was only in 1998 that researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison extracted the first human embryonic stem cells that were able to be kept alive in the laboratory. The main critique of this research is that it required the destruction of a human blastocyst. That is, a fertilized egg was not given the chance to develop into a fully-developed human.

When does life begin?

The core of this debate - similar to debates about abortion, for example - centers on the question, "When does life begin?" Many assert that life begins at conception, when the egg is fertilized. It is often argued that the embryo deserves the same status as any other full grown human. Therefore, destroying it (removing the blastocyst to extract stem cells) is akin to murder. Others, in contrast, have identified different points in gestational development that mark the beginning of life - after the development of certain organs or after a certain time period.

Chimeras

People also take issue with the creation of chimeras. A chimera is an organism that has both human and animal cells or tissues. Often in stem cell research, human cells are inserted into animals (like mice or rats) and allowed to develop. This creates the opportunity for researchers to see what happens when stem cells are implanted. Many people, however, object to the creation of an organism that is "part human".

Legal issues

The stem cell debate has risen to the highest level of courts in several countries. Production of embryonic stem cell lines is illegal in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, and Ireland, but permitted in Finland, Greece, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK. In the United States, it is not illegal to work with or create embryonic stem cell lines. However, the debate in the US is about funding, and it is in fact illegal for federal funds to be used to research stem cell lines that were created after August 2001.

-Source Medical News Today 
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/




Stem cell therapy


Stem cells enable recovery from spinal injury

Paralysed rats have been enabled to walk again, by transplanting nerve cells derived from human embryonic stem cells into the animals. The findings add to a growing number of studies that suggest that embryonic stem cells could have a valuable role to play in treating spinal injuries. The researchers say trials on people using this technique could start in about two years time. Researchers are exploring a number of approaches to enable recovery from spinal-cord injury, including drugs that overcome spinal cells' reluctance to re-grow, ways of bridging the gap between severed nerves, and transplants of various tissues, including adult stem-cells derived from bone marrow, and nerve cells from the nose. Human trials of some treatments, such as that using nose cells, have already begun. But the first stem-call trials will be on patients
with recent spinal cord injuries and localised damage; treating people who have been paralysed for years, or who suffer from degenerative nerve diseases, is more difficult.
Ways will also have to be found to prevent people rejecting the stem cells. One possible alternative to immunosuppressant drugs would be to first give the patient bone-marrow stem cells from the same source as the nerve cells. This might trick the patient’s immune system into developing tolerance.

Limitations

But adult cells have serious limitations as a mass-market treatment, because not many cells can be grown from a single source. That is not a problem with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). "One cell bank derived from a single embryo produces enough neurons to treat 10 million Parkinson's disease patients", says Thomas Okarma of the Geron company in California. What is more, adult stem cells may not be as versatile. "At this moment, there is very little hard evidence that a bone marrow stem cell can turn into anything but blood, or that a skin stem cell can become anything but skin", he says. ESCs, on the other hand, have the potential to develop into practically any type of tissue.But there is nevertheless a serious problem with ESCs. "Undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells have a very high probability of forming tumours," says Hans Keirstead at the University of California, Irvine, whose team has performed the latest research. To prevent this, his team turned ESCs into specialised cells before transplanting them. They transformed the ESCs into oligodendrocytes, the cells that form the insulating layer of myelin that is vital for conducting nerve impulses. Keirstead's team transplanted the oligodendrocytes into rats with "bruised" spines. After nine weeks, the rats fully regained the ability to walk, he says, whereas rats given no therapy remained paralysed. The team repeated the experiment on three separate occasions, with the same results. Analysis of the rats' spinal cords revealed that the transplanted oligodendrocytes had wrapped themselves around neurons and formed new myelin sheaths. The transplanted cells also secreted growth factors that appear to have stimulated the formation of new neurons.While many promising spinal repair experiments have proved hard to reproduce, researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, also announced similar results last week. The team injected undifferentiated human ESCs into rats with injured spinal cords. After 24 weeks, the treated rats could support their own weight. Team leader Douglas Kerr thinks the animals' recovery was not due to the growth of new cells, but to the secretion of two growth factors (TGF-alpha and BDNF), which protected damaged neurons and helped them to re-establish connections with other neurons. "The stem cells' magic was really their ability to get into the area of injury and snuggle up to those neurons teetering on the brink of death," says Kerr, whose results will appear in the Journal of Neuroscience.
" Umbilical cord blood stem cells are used as a part of the therapy regimen for nearly 50 diseases today. One of the challenges in developing additional cellular therapies is the need to multiply and preserve large quantities of these powerful umbilical cord blood stem cells for use in treating an even broader range of diseases. These important studies indicate that we can substantially increase the number of these valuable cells and freeze them for later use", says Jan Visser of ViaCell.

Policy on regulation and funding of research

Okarma hopes the results will help persuade policy makers in Washington not to ban therapeutic cloning, which is one way of obtaining human ESCs, and increase funding for ESC research. "The promise of this technology is beginning to be realised", he says. "That's why we think this battle is worth fighting."
   
   
Med J Aust. 2003 Aug 4;179(3):164-6.
Stem cell therapies: a tale of caution.
Byrne E, Howells DW.
Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.

One of the most exciting possibilities in human therapeutics is that stem cells (embryonic or adult) may compensate for cell loss in disease, with functional recovery. This has received considerable publicity in the lay press. Much work remains to be done to turn stem cell therapy into a practical reality for major degenerative diseases, especially those affecting the nervous system. Medical scientists and journalists should work together in ensuring that the general public has a realistic understanding of the likely time frame in which benefits from stem cell therapies will be realised.
   
   
Am J Pathol. 2003 Aug;163(2):553-62.
Bone-marrow-derived cells contribute to glomerular endothelial repair in experimental glomerulonephritis.
Rookmaaker MB, Smits AM, Tolboom H, Van 't Wout K, Martens AC, Goldschmeding R, Joles JA, Van Zonneveld AJ, Grone HJ, Rabelink TJ, Verhaar
MC.

Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Glomerular endothelial injury plays an important role in the pathogenesis of renal diseases and is centrally involved in renal disease progression. Glomerular endothelial repair may help maintain renal function. We examined whether bone-marrow (BM)-derived cells contribute to glomerular repair. A rat allogenic BM transplant model was used to allow tracing of BM-derived cells using a donor major histocompatibility complex class-I specific mAb. In glomeruli of chimeric rats we identified a small number of donor-BM-derived endothelial and mesangial cells, which increased in a time-dependent manner. Induction of anti-Thy-1.1-glomerulonephritis (transient mesangial and secondary glomerular endothelial injury) caused a significant, more than fourfold increase in the number of BM-derived glomerular endothelial cells at day 7 after anti-Thy-1.1 injection compared to chimeric rats without glomerular injury. The level of BM-derived endothelial cells remained high at day 28. We also observed a more than sevenfold increase in the number of BM-derived mesangial cells at day 28. BM-derived endothelial and mesangial cells were fully integrated in the glomerular structure. Our data show that BM-derived cells participate in glomerular endothelial and mesangial cell turnover and contribute to microvascular repair. These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of renal disease and suggest a potential role for stem cell therapy.
   
   
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;534:27-45.
Human embryonic or adult stem cells: an overview on ethics and perspectives for tissue engineering.
Henon PR.
Departement d'Hematologie and Institut de Recherche en Hematologie et Transfusion, Hopitaux de Mulhouse, 87 Avenue d'Altkirch, Mulhouse, France.

Over the past few years, research on animal and human stem cells has experienced tremendous advances which are almost daily loudly revealed to the public on the front-page of newspapers. The reason for such an enthusiasm over stem cells is that they could be used to cure patients suffering from spontaneous or injuries-related diseases that are due to particular types of cells functioning incorrectly, such as cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, cancers, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injuries or genetic abnormalities. Currently, these diseases have slightly or non-efficient treatment options, and millions of people around the world are desperately waiting to be cured. Even if not any person with one of these diseases could potentially benefit from stem cell therapy, the new concept of "regenerative medicine" is unprecedented since it involves the regeneration of normal cells, tissues and organs which could allow to treat a patient whereby both, the immediate problem would be corrected and the normal physiological processes restored, without any need for subsequent drugs. However, conflicting ethical controversies surround this new medicine approach, inside and outside the medical community, especially when human embryonic stem cells (h-ESCs) are concerned. This ethical debate on clinical use of h-ESCs has recently encouraged.
   
   
J Nucl Cardiol. 2003 Jul-Aug;10(4):403-12.
Stem cells and cardiovascular disease.
Abbott JD, Giordano FJ.

Several recent discoveries have shifted the paradigm that there is no potential for myocardial regeneration and have fueled enthusiasm for a new frontier in the treatment of cardiovascular disease-stem cells. Fundamental to this emerging field is the cumulative evidence that adult bone marrow stem cells can differentiate into a wide variety of cell types, including cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells. This phenomenon has been termed stem cell plasticity and is the basis for the explosive recent interest in stem cell-based therapies. Directed to cardiovascular disease, stem cell therapy holds the promise of replacing lost heart muscle and enhancing cardiovascular revascularization. Early evidence of the feasibility of stem cell therapy for cardiovascular disease came from a series of animal experiments demonstrating that adult stem cells could become cardiac muscle cells (myogenesis) and participate in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis and vasculogenesis) in the heart after myocardial infarction. These findings have been rapidly translated to ongoing human trials, but many questions remain. This review focuses on the use of adult bone marrow-derived stem cells for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease and will contrast how far we have come in a short time with how far we still need to go before stem cell therapy becomes routine in cardiovascular medicine.
   
   
Med Klin. 2003 May 15;98(5):277-82.
Current status and perspectives of stem cell therapy for the treatment of
diabetes mellitus.

Path G, Seufert J.
Due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic b-cells, type 1 diabetic patients, and also patients with type 2 diabetes suffering from defective insulin secretion rely on lifelong substitution with insulin. A clinically established alternative therapy for diabetics with exogenous insulin substitution, the transplantation of human islets of Langerhans, is limited by the lack of donor organs. The intensive search for new sources of pancreatic b-cells now focuses on human stem cells. Insulin-producing cells for transplantation can be generated from both embryonic and adult pancreatic stem cells. Both types of stem cells, however, differ with respect to availability, in vitro expansion, potential for differentiation, and tumorigenicity, which is elucidated by the authors. Before stem cell therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus can be transferred to clinical application in humans, aspects of functional effectivity, safety, and cost-effectiveness have to be solved. Considering these prerequisites in the Diskuslight of currently available therapeutic options, however, it can be estimated, that stem cell therapy for diabetes mellitus may be cost-effectively introduced into clinical routine in the future.

-Source ANTI-AGING BIOMEDICINE.HIGH TECH BIO-MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISEASE TREATMENT AND LIFE EXTENSION. EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL DATA.

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